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Structured topic guides — each covers a complete subject area with articles, equations, and worked examples.

Microstrip transmission line cross-section showing conductor, substrate, and ground plane
Foundations
Transmission Line Theory

Wave propagation on guided structures — characteristic impedance, reflection, standing waves, and microstrip design.

Microstrip Impedance VSWR εeff Stripline
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Antenna Design
Antenna Types

A practical guide to the most common antenna types — how each works, where it's used, and how to choose the right one for your application.

Patch Dipole Yagi-Uda Horn Helix Arrays
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Electromagnetics · 10-Part Series
Maxwell's Equations

From electric and magnetic fields to the four equations, electromagnetic waves and boundary conditions — and how they shape lines, waveguides and antennas.

Gauss's Law Faraday Ampère–Maxwell EM Waves Boundaries
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RF Fundamentals · 12-Part Series
Smith Chart & Impedance Matching

From impedance, reflection coefficient and VSWR to reading the Smith chart and designing L-network and stub matches for real antennas.

Impedance Γ & VSWR Smith Chart L-Networks Stubs
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Beginner
Transmission Line Theory

Why Transmission Lines and Transmission Line Theory?

Why a wire is not just a wire at RF frequencies — when lumped-circuit models break down, electrical length, the main types of transmission lines, and how signals propagate along them.

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Intermediate
RF Fundamentals

Low Noise Amplifiers — Introduction, Noise Fundamentals and Gain

Part 1 of the LNA series. What an LNA is and where it is used, the RF receiver chain, thermal and shot noise, the −174 dBm/Hz noise floor, noise figure, noise factor, the Friis cascaded noise formula, three power gain definitions, and input vs noise matching.

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Intermediate
RF Fundamentals

LNA Design — Noise Parameters, Stability, Topologies and Linearity

Part 2 of the LNA series. The four noise parameters (NF_min, R_n, Γ_opt), noise and gain circles on the Smith chart, Rollett stability factor and μ-factor, all major LNA topologies from common-source to current-reuse, lumped and distributed impedance matching, P1dB, IIP3, and SFDR.

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Intermediate
RF Fundamentals

LNA Implementation — Technology, Design Flow, Measurement and Advanced Topics

Part 3 of the LNA series. Biasing techniques and power trade-offs, CMOS vs GaAs vs GaN vs SiGe technology comparison, broadband LNA techniques, the seven-step practical design flow, ADS/HFSS/Cadence simulation, NF and S-parameter measurement, cryogenic and mmWave LNAs, noise cancellation, machine learning in RF, and a complete design trade-off summary table.

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Intermediate
RF Fundamentals

Oscillators and Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs)

Barkhausen criteria, feedback and negative-resistance oscillation models, Colpitts, Hartley, and cross-coupled LC VCO topologies, crystal oscillators, phase noise and Leeson's equation, varactor tuning, K_VCO, tuning range, ring oscillators, VCO figure of merit, and PLL integration.

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Intermediate
Transmission Line Theory

Transmission Line Theory — The RLGC Model and Telegrapher's Equations

A rigorous derivation from first principles — the distributed RLGC circuit model, Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws, the wave equation, propagation constant γ = α + jβ, characteristic impedance Z₀, and travelling voltage and current waves.

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