From first principles to advanced beamforming — our library of guides, tutorials, and deep-dives is free for engineers, students, and enthusiasts worldwide.
Structured topic guides — each covers a complete subject area with articles, equations, and worked examples.
From why a wire becomes a transmission line to a measured RF board — RLGC model, Z₀, propagation, reflections and VSWR, losses, microstrip, CPW, stripline, stubs, discontinuities and resonators.
A practical guide to the most common antenna types — how each works, where it's used, and how to choose the right one for your application.
From electric and magnetic fields to the four equations, electromagnetic waves and boundary conditions — and how they shape lines, waveguides and antennas.
From impedance, reflection coefficient and VSWR to reading the Smith chart and designing L-network and stub matches for real antennas.
How antennas radiate, and every parameter that describes them — patterns, directivity and gain, impedance, S11, efficiency, bandwidth, polarization, aperture and the Friis link.
Part 2 of the Transmission Lines series: coaxial, parallel-wire, twisted-pair, microstrip, stripline, CPW, GCPW, rectangular and circular waveguide and SIW — how each guides a wave, its impedance, loss and frequency range, and where it is used.
Read guide →Part 4: characteristic impedance derived from the RLGC model — lossless and lossy Z₀, its physical meaning, L and C relationships, why 50 Ω and 75 Ω, what sets Z₀, tolerances, Z₀ versus load impedance, and measurement by TDR and open/short.
Read guide →Part 5: the propagation constant γ = α + jβ derived exactly, attenuation and phase constants, phase and group velocity, dispersion and the Heaviside condition, lossless and lossy lines, evanescent waves below cutoff and measurement.
Read guide →Part 6: free-space and guided wavelength, velocity factor, effective dielectric constant, electrical length in degrees and radians, phase shift, quarter- and half-wave lines, frequency dependence and trimming cables to length.
Read guide →Part 8: conductor loss and skin effect, surface roughness, dielectric loss and loss tangent, radiation loss, the attenuation constant, insertion loss, frequency dependence and practical ways to reduce loss in cables and PCB lines.
Read guide →Part 9: microstrip structure and quasi-TEM fields, effective dielectric constant, Hammerstad–Jensen impedance and synthesis equations, effect of width, thickness and εr, dispersion, losses, surface waves and FEM-validated calculator results.
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